Buy DMAA Powder for Sale Online. Effectiveness. AMP / DMBA. Supplement Warehouse sells a huge selection of DMHA (hoping DMAA will come back!), Ephedra and caffeine based fat burning and weight loss supplements. The active ingredient DMAA (dimethylamylamine) is promoted to increase workout energy and efficiency. That DMAA is still being sold today illustrates the hurdles the government faces in entirely removing a substance from the market that is labeled as a supplement, especially when industry is willing to challenge the government in federal court. Jack3d Pre Workout | New Formula | 45 Servings. See All Products. Six of the 16 products were still for sale directly from the manufacturer's website as well as from an independent retailer. 95. 95. Remarkably, the evidence to support the sale of DMAA-containing supplements hinges on a single study. These tragic stories, amongst others, highlight the urgent need to bridge the gaps in product safety and regulatory oversight of the $30 billion dietary supplement industry. It was once often used in supplements marketed as thermogenics (fat burners) and pre-workouts because of its reported effects as an appetite suppressant and energy enhancer. Form. Pre-Jym: Best Pre-Workout For Sustained Energy. 1. As of April 11, FDA had received 86 reports of illnesses and death associated with supplements containing DMAA. 300 mg is roughly the average for pre-workout supplements, but it was smooth-sailing with this. ( 10 customer reviews) $ 54. The checkered history of a stimulant once associated with adverse events—including several deaths—has given rise to a military program that aims to help service members understand supplements and use them successfully. Jack3d is the preferred pre-workout of bodybuilders and power. As a result, Dark Energy is marketed as a “research product” by its manufacturer, Magnitude Life Sciences. BULKSUPPLEMENTS. 96. S. USA Supplements LLC Ibutamoren MK-677. But, you’re not likely to see “DMHA” on the label of your favorite pre workout or fat burner. Buy DMAA Powder. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. ” This supplement contains DMAA, which experts say acts similarly to amphetamines. The stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA; also known as methylhexaneamine) had been a component of many dietary supplements in the United States until the Food and Drug Administration warned retailers that DMAA did not have ample evidence of safety []. If you are someone that is caffeine sensitive, you may still take Jack3d. The most common form of DMAA is pre-workout supplements. I am kinda pissed rn and I need some help. 80 out of 5 based on 10 customer ratings. Back in 1994, when the compound was developed, the idea was to use it as a nasal. 96 $ 10. DMAA is a stimulant sometimes used in pre-workout sports supplements and "party pills" to give athletes the feeling of extra energy or an adrenaline-like high. 1,4-DMAA is a chemical with stimulant effects. Made our top list for DMAA supplements. As a result, DMAA was thought to have similar effects and became popular among athletes and bodybuilders as a pre-workout supplement. Dark Energy pre workout is a controversial pre workout supplement known for containing DMAA and DMHA. $59. Between 2009 and 2012, DMAA was the key stimulant found in a number of powerful workout stimulants, including USP Jack3d and OxyELITE Pro. To avoid desensitization to its effects, do not use more than 3 times per week. watch this video. Surprisingly, DMAA is currently used as an ingredient in roughly 200 sports supplements, many sold in major franchises throughout. Choose an option 25mg/20ct/500mg 25mg/40ct/1g Clear. DMAA Research and Realities. 7-9 Reintroduced in 2006 as a dietary supplement ingredient, DMAA was sold in dozens of sports and weight loss supplements with over $100 million (USD) in sales in 2010 alone. 4 DMAA Powder. DMHA also known as 2-Aminoisoheptane is the new player on the block for increasing energy, focus and fat loss. The products became popular with athletes, and in 2009 the World Anti-Doping Agency added DMAA to. One of the most famous cases regarding the sale of DMAA in a dietary supplement is Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals. Quick View. The initial use was in 1948 as a way to help with nasal allergies. You can't go wrong. 48 – $ 83. Instead, it was incorporated in weight loss supplements and was classified as an athletic performance improvement drug. $64. To challenge the FDA's actions, USPlabs submitted studies to the agency attempting to show that the products are safe, but in the new warning, the FDA says the studies are insufficient to support the sale of these. Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals Black Widow 90 ct. Today, 1,3-DMAA is sold as a dietary supplement used for attention deficit-hyperactive. PROGRAMS. May 15, 2015. A very solid pick for those seeking extra stims for their training session at a reasonable price. But dietary supplements containing DMHA are banned by WADA. Workout supplements typically contain a range of active ingredients, such as:. 2K+ bought in past month. 2 Excelsior Pre Workout; 4 June 2021 Update; 5 Discontinued DMAA Pre. One of the most in-demand pre-workouts from 2020 to 2023. Synephrine replaced Ephedrine in "fat burners" and has found a new home in "pre workout" supplements. Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals Fastin-XR New 45 Capsules. NITROSURGE Pre Workout Supplement - Endless Energy, Instant Strength Gains, Clear Focus, Intense Pumps - Nitric Oxide Booster & Preworkout Powder with Beta Alanine - 30 Servings, Cherry Limeade. Discount codes: LIFTVAULT = 15% off My Supp Plug. Yep, an insane energy rush. Free shipping in the US for orders $100+ & international $275+. INTRODUCTION. Today, dimethylamylamine is sold as a dietary supplement used for attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (), weight loss, improving athletic performance, and body building. 5 oz) Powder 3. 3. It works by boosting adrenaline and noradrenaline, stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. 1. Prime rose extract. you can still find a ton of pwo's with dmaa. From the list of bodybuilding and weight training products, this one does more than giving you a boost of energy. It might also raise blood pressure. Buy Fusion Supplements Geranamine DMAA Pre Workout Capsules, Powder & Supplements. In December 2003, the U. ONNIT Alpha Brain Premium Nootropic Brain Supplement, 30 Count, for Men & Women - Caffeine-Free Focus Capsules for Concentration, Brain & Memory Support - Brain Booster Cat's Claw, Bacopa, Oat Straw. DMAA is also known as Methylhexanamine or 1, 3-dimethylamylamine. Add to Cart. Discount codes: LIFTVAULT15 = 15% off at Muscle Players. 7 Min Read. The FDA’s supplements office has a staff of fewer than two dozen and an annual budget of less than $5 million, a spokeswoman said, to police an industry worth $30 to $40 billion. Business, Economics, and Finance. To make matters worse, the regulation also tightened legal standards for the production and sale of DMAA. Fastin is a “feel good” product with rapid stimulant effects that will have you feeling energized and motivated almost immediately. 1-48 of 381 results for "DMAA" Results. $64. Valhallien • 1 yr. As stated above, most dietary supplements containing DMAA were manufactured or are presently being manufactured and marketed for purposes of weight/fat loss and/or improved physical performance. S. It was originally patented as a nasal decongestant. Mesomorph™ contains up to 4 times more muscle-building, energy-igniting active ingredients over other leading brands. € 69,90. DMAA, also known as 1,3-Dimethylamylamine, is a synthetic drug originally used as a nasal decongestant but is now sold as a dietary supplement. Add to Cart. Crack pre-workout by Dark Labs with 120mg of DMAA provides tremendous pumps, mood elevation, and vigor that lasts for 4-5 hours once it strikes. uk with the details. 98 Select options Quick view Add to wishlist; Sale! Rated 4. All Products; Stimulant-Free; Extracts; Other; FAQ; Research; Contact Us; Home; FAQ; My Account; Contact Us; Research;. Shop Dark Labs Shop Muscle Players. 8% Purity]. Best DMAA Pre Workouts. Nutritional supplements that contain illegal stimulants are still being sold as weight loss aids and athletic performance enhancers years after the U. 99. Hard to compare it with alcohol as it damages different organs. The program was outlined during an education session at the recent Food and Nutrition. 3, 2012 (HealthDay News) -- DMAA sports supplements have been linked to at least two deaths and the U. Molecular Weight:Magnus Supplements Geranabol DMAA. Josh Long. 50ml bottles, providing almost 70% more volume than the standard 30ml. This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all. On the merits of investing in the fight to prove DMAA is naturally occurring in. DMAA is the most popular stimulant supplement among bodybuilders. Body-builders and fitness enthusiasts use it the same way as Dynamine however, the substance is banned from most sports. COM DMAE Bitartrate Powder - Dimethylaminoethanol, DMAE 350mg, DMAE Supplement, DMAE Powder - for Brain Health & Focus, Gluten Free, 350mg per Serving, 100g (3. One serving of Wrecked equals skin-tearing muscle pumps, laser focus, intense energy, and superhuman power. 99. Effects : - Boost of energy. Sometimes compared to Ephedrine, a strong stimulant found in some cough medications and also very much used as a street drug, DMAA is what originally made Jack3d so popular in the bodybuilding. Strong Pre-workouts contain booster DMAA and DMHA one of the most effective stimulants ingredients,raises focus, energy, provides a good mood, improving training results, effectively promotes cognitive functions and suppresses appetite, worldwide shipping. After investigating over 16,000 reports of negative health. EAS HMB 1500mg 120 Capsules If you are looking for a supplement that helps. Caffeine: 250 mg. 1 Best DMAA Pre-Workout Supplements. S. Dati Jiuqi dmaa weight loss supplements clothes edges, rubbed his ways to reduce body fat hand Poplin She said how to take super hd weight loss pills Ruzhui fantastic. The 2019 formula of Jack3d is instead powered by DMHA and a more powerful proprietary blend. 10 The supplement contained a stimulant. ago. 99 with. DMAA is a pharmaceutical developed and patented by Eli Lilly & Co. 86/Ounce) $9. 13/Ounce) FREE delivery Tue, Nov 7 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. CHECK IT OUT. Advanced Pre-Workout for Weight Loss. 4 Leatherfaze DMAA Pre Workout; 1. DMAA as a Dietary Supplement Ingredient For DMAA to be legally sold as a dietary supplement, it must be a naturally occurring substance with a documented history of use prior to 1994. In 2012, the US FDA issued a warning to consumers about the potential health risks associated with DMAA-containing supplements and urged manufacturers to remove it from their products. In addition to where you can buy DMAA powder and…DMAA, or 1,3-dimethylamylamine, is a synthetic compound that gained popularity as a dietary supplement ingredient due to its potential performance-enhancing and stimulant properties. The most common form of DMAA is pre-workout supplements. In fact, it’s mainly sold as an ingredient in pre-workout supplements. Form. The top DMAA pre-workouts are for sale in the US. Independently Tested (3rd Party CoA Provided) 30-Days Money-Back Guarantee. I recently decided to try out a DMAA supplement. Herb. $10. That DMAA is still being sold today illustrates the hurdles the government faces in entirely removing a substance from the market that is labeled as a supplement, especially when industry is willing to challenge the government in federal court. S. DMHA is also known as English Walnut Extract, Octodrine, 2-aminoisoheptane, 2-amino-5-methylheptane, 2-amino-6, and Juglans Regia Extract. Earn and redeem PC Optimum Points. $59. $2799 ($3. 98 – $ 288. in 2005, manufacturers reintroduced DMAA because of its similar weight-loss effects as a stimulant and. Background: The United States Food and Drug Administration banned the stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) from dietary supplements and warned consumers that the stimulant can pose cardiovascular risks ranging from high blood pressure to heart attacks. 23. The March 3 suit was filed in the U. The agency said it is also using “all available tools at its disposal to ensure” that. Dark Energy pre workout is a controversial pre workout supplement known for containing DMAA and DMHA. 4. DMAA purportedly aids in weight/fat loss when combined with caffeine and other agents [11]. 83. Out of stock. Alpha Fitness Supplements, NutriCartel, Ruesco are all good choices Reply More posts from r/Preworkoutsupplements. The US Department of Justice fined GNC for selling a tainted supplement, OxyElite Pro, which contained aegeline and DMAA, causing the company to change its procedures to improve the quality and purity of dietary supplements. Best HMB Supplement Capsules. Do not take within 5 hours of bedtime. The warning comes after the FDA sent letters to 11 companies last year, asking them to stop making and selling products. SUPPLEMENTS. 50 healthy men consumed DMAA and caffeine in different concentrations and there was no change in blood pressure and heart rate, even at a high dose (250 mg of caffeine + 50 mg of DMAA, RCT) []. Apprehensive_Cap7975 • Nutricartel Mother’s Day Sale. DMAA fat burners are weight loss supplements that claim to contain the amphetamine derivative DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine). Caffeine 350mg, DMHA 120mg, DMAA 50mg, Synephrine HCl 50mg, Hordenine HCl 50mg, Methyl Synephrine HCl 10mg, N-Methyltyramine 5mg, Naringenin 5mg, Yohimibine HCl 2. Food and Drug Administration sent warning letters to 10 manufacturers last spring about a lack of data on their safety, but a new study finds these supplements can still be purchased online. It’s occasionally used as a party drug too, as low doses enhance motivation and subjective. As a dietary supplement, mix 1 Ultra-Concentrated scoop Jack3D Original DMAA HCl Lemon (5. Available through our partner Science. by USP Labs. Supplements. While there is no optimal dose of DMAA, most supplements tend to range anywhere from 25-70mg per serving, with 55-65mg being the sweet spot based on numerous anecdotal accounts. 59. As of February 9th, 2004, the FDA prohibited ephedrine alkaloids from sale in dietary supplements. Quantity. 5 oz) Powder 3. No products or supplements are available any longer that may be talked about in the guide. €42. When it comes to DMHA and DMBA, there are a few pre workouts that contain both. Related: DMHA Pre Workouts. 7 However, concerns. 99 $ 39. Post 2, Popped positive for amphetamine. If you have questions of DMAA or related products, you can checkout the guide below. Diet Pills With Dmaa For Sale. Skull Labs Angel Dust Pump DMAA 385 g. Ryse Supplements; Sale Collection; Sales and Promotions For My Supplement Store! Serious Nutrition Solutions;. 1-48 of 381 results for "DMAA" Results Check each product page for other buying options. Flavor: (Required) Description. VASO6: 300 mg. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Find a large selection of DMHA supplements including fat burners and pre-workout powders. MONDAY, April 15, 2013 (HealthDay News) -- Dietary supplements that contain a stimulant called dimethylamylamine (DMAA) pose numerous health risks and are no longer allowed to be sold in the United States, the U. These tragic stories, amongst others, highlight the urgent need to bridge the gaps in product safety and regulatory oversight of the $30 billion dietary supplement industry. What to combine DMHA with? DMHA with adderall. Improves Physical Performance. bio. It was originally used as a nasal decongestant. We have Dark Earth Research Venom, Intelligent Muscle Sharp AMX, and Frenzy Labs Ravage with DMAA. Mitroburn: 500 mg. The following pre workout supplement can cause you to fail a drug test because they contain DMAA: BS Supplements Final Call Pre Workout. Add to Cart. Of course, DMAA plays the first fiddle here (100 milligrams in 1 serving). HMB Powder - Bulk Supplements. The extreme fat burners listed on this page are for those stimulant junkies that want intense energy and fat burning power! DMHA pre-workout is a pre-workout supplement that includes the stimulant DMHA. The biggest Summer Sale for. 99 USD. I'm pretty sure its DMAA because I am basically immune to caffeine from taking it so much and I really feel this. Reply reply Early-Tea-6245. While many countries have banned the sale or distribution of products containing DMAA altogether owing to safety concerns [1], [2], [3], others are yet to take a stance on it. Add to Cart. 150mg Ephedra, 150mg Caffeine, 140mg StimMax, 95mg ThermoCore. Adderall is. DMAA is in a way the opposite of modafinil– very physically stimulating, and less mentally stimulating. 100% Water Soluble. Then, in 2012, the FDA sent warning letters to the majority of supplement manufacturers, alerting them to the fact that DMAA was not a dietary supplement ingredient. fuck this dude. or 4 interest-free payments of $9. By the 1970s, it no longer had approval. The pharmaceutical amphetamine derivative 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) was introduced in 1948 as a nasal inhaler for rhinitis by Eli Lilly & Co. It is used pre-workout, and in fat burners. DMAA supplement was not solely sold. 1 more reply. DMHA Pre Workout, for. It's time for you to embrace the best pre workouts supplements. Best DMAA Pre-Workout Alternative for Lasting Energy — Insane Labz Psychotic. DMAA is currently commonly sold in dietary supplements (usually for weight loss by appetite suppression), pre-workout supplements (due to its stimulant properties) and in a range of over-the-counter party pills. DMAA fat burners are weight loss supplements that claim to contain the amphetamine derivative DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine). ago. 4 Furthermore, they. Informa PLC | ABOUT US | INVESTOR RELATIONS | TALENT. The respective regulatory bodies, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia and the Ministry of Health in New Zealand have classified DMAA as a prescription medicine or controlled substance due to. Find a large selection of DMHA supplements including fat burners and pre-workout powders. The sympathomimetic 1,3-DMAA was originally introduced by Eli Lilly & Co in the 1940s as a nasal decongestant to compete with amphetamine marketed by Smith, Kline and French. Sale! Add to cart Show Details. Dark Energy contains the ingredients DMAA and DMHA -- stimulants that the U. 1,3 DMAA GUIDE: PROS & CONS; 1,4-ANDROSTADIENE-3B,17B-DIONE; 1-ANDRO GUIDE 2023; 13-ETHYL-3-METHOXY-GONA-2,5(10)-DIENE-17-ONE. It keeps you in a euphoric state throughout your workout and gives you. Josh Long. Act fast before it's gone. No other pre-workout since USP Labs Jack3d has came back with such positive reviews than this product from APS Nutrition. DMHA grew in popularity as DMAA faced increasing scrutiny in many countries and DMAA pre workouts became. Alpha Yohimbine: 5 mg. 1st and 3rd Party Verified for 99% Purity. Just because the product you are screening doesn’t list any of the following substances, does not mean that it is safe or that it will not cause a positive drug test. The funny thing is that DMAA was never intended to be a pre-workout supplement. Strength. 1,3-dimethylamylamine, aka DMAA, is a stimulant that induces feelings of energy, euphoria, and motivation in its users. Although it may still be found in some workout supplements, it's important to note that DMAA (but not DMAE) is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and many other groups. †. Discount codes: LIFTVAULT15 = 15% off at Muscle Players. legal VAT. Surprisingly, DMAA is currently used as an ingredient in roughly 200 sports. Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals Hydroxyelite. The DMHA (2-Aminoisoheptane) & Geranium extract in OxyElite Pro work very well together. Add to Cart. Best DMAA Fat Burner Supplements. 95. If you work out regularly, at some point, you might need a little boost to get you through your workout. Read On ›. Jack3d aka Jacked is the Ultimate Pre-Workout Training Matrix and training aid with Geranium Extract. S. 95. Unsafe Spikes in Blood Pressure: Studies show that as a central nervous system stimulant, DMAA can quickly increase your heart rate. I noticed that mesomorph was highly recommended and had such strong support from fellow lifters. Jack3d Pre-Workout Ingredients. PRICE: $34. Looking for replacement to DMAA? Here is a list of all the DMHA fat burners and pre-workout supplements we carry! 1,3-DMAA is a drug made synthetically in a laboratory. DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine) is a stimulant similar to amphetamine (Adderall) that has been associated with serious side effects, including death. The Food and Drug Administration moved today to seize more than 1,500 cases of supplements that contain DMAA from a Pennsylvania warehouse belonging to GNC Holdings, Inc. 99. Capsule · 15 Servings (Pack of 1) 4. DMHA was introduced to replace 1,3 DMAA as that ingredient has been in trouble many times with the government. This is to be done the first three times using Jack3D Original DMAA. Customer Reviews. gov. Recently I received an email from Nutri-verse saying something to the effect of "Celebrate, DMAA is back!". Mounting research and numerous case studies have linked DMAA to heat illness, kidney and liver damage, as well as sudden death. 96. 6 Min Read. WAREHOUSE SALE;. It started gaining popularity in 2015, became a top seller in 2016, and this reigns as one of the top products in 2022. Noopept is a powerful synthetic nootropic with proven cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective properties. Conquer bodybuilding like never before using our preworkouts - focus, energy and performance. El Jefe Boss Stim Pre Workout. Supplements. S. €58. by USP Labs. 92 out of 5 based on 26 customer ratings. Alpha Yohimbine: 2 mg. In a study [13] carried out after the ban of 1,3-DMAA in Mainz, Germany, it was found that from among those using pre-workout boosters, 20. 1,5-DMHA. In supplements, it may help improve performance and increase weight loss. 98. This can make. 5 Min Read. Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): C7H17N · HCl. After receiving more than 1,800 adverse-event reports, the FDA banned the sale of ephedra-containing products in 2004 . VASO6: 300 mg. To use Geranium Extract, Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals removes the currently litigated. DMAA, sometimes referred to as 1, 3-Dimethylamylamine, Methylhexanamine, or Geranamine, is an extraordinarily strong. Earn 26 - 130 points upon purchasing this product. 7-9 Reintroduced in 2006 as a dietary supplement ingredient, DMAA was sold in dozens of sports and weight loss supplements with over $100 million (USD) in sales in 2010 alone. A very solid pick for those seeking extra stims for their training session at a reasonable price. Keep it simple and clear Each chart. ( 29 customer reviews) DMAA Geranium 60mg USA Supplements LLC. Loading. Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals Fastin-XR New 45 Capsules. One of the primary reasons that DMAA was used in. After that, you can use any normal knife (or the included scooper) to measure out the desired amount of DMAA powder on the scale. Concentrations of DMAA in those study are varied from 1 mg/g up to 415 mg/g. Original formula Jack3d Pre-Workout from USP Labs is back and better than ever! Jack3d makes its comeback with a new formula powered with DMHA, caffeine, and other powerful. It’s called DMAA, and it was actually originally developed as a nasal decongestant back in the mid 40’s by a pharmaceutical company called Eli Lilly. Supplement King is Canada's workout & nutrition products retailer! Shop our protein powders, creatine & many other products at a great price. $39. I also got a tub of Crack Gold from Muscle Factory. 99 for 10 grams (Free Shipping) ELV Bio – $59. MONDAY, Dec. Fri 1 Feb 2013 12. A milligram scale is recommended for accurate measurements if you buy DMAA or DMHA powder. You can get DMAA powder and many other supplements, including a variety of other nootropic supplements with fast shipping straight to your home. S. There are 50 servings per container, and each scoop has 3,000mg of an energizing muscle fuel blend, plus 900mg of the amplifier blend and 157mg of the mind control matrix. DMHA also known as 2-Aminoisoheptane is the new player on the block for increasing energy,. With its combination of metabolism-boosting and appetite-suppressing ingredients, Oxyelite Pro is can be a great option for weight loss. On August 30, 2019, three judges in a panel from the 11th Circuit’s Court of Appeals upheld the District Court’s decision that despite having been found in nature several times, DMAA is not a Dietary Supplement per the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). The DMHA (2-Aminoisoheptane) & Geranium extract in OxyElite Pro work very well together. DMHA (also known as octodrine, dimethylhexylamine, and other names) is a central nervous system stimulant developed in the 1950s for use as an inhalant to treat bronchitis, laryngitis, and other conditions. 19 with Subscribe & Save discount. Crack drew attention with the bold inclusion of 120 mg of DMAA on its ingredient label. 5 million in refund checks to consumers who bought Lipodrene, Spontane-ES, and Thermalean due to the supplements making fraudulent claims. Digital Pocket Scale 50 x 0. top 3 best DMAA/BMHA pre workouts. Rated 4. 50mg/mL – 30mL Bottle. Does GNC have ephedra diet pills for sale online? No, GNC stopped carrying supplements containing ephedra in 2003. After the popular weight-loss supplement ephedrine was banned for sale in the U. Best Price Nutrition is back with an huge selection of ephedra supplements. Supplement Facts panel. Jack3d Pre Workout | New Formula | 45 Servings. DMAA. Department of Defense has banned the sale of so-called ‘dietary supplements’ containing DMAA within military facilities. Regulators have raised concerns over a range of dangerous steroids, stimulants and hormones that are increasingly finding their way into fitness supplements in the wake. Vitamins & Supplements. The FDA is in the process of restricting the sale and distribution of products containing the stimulant, though that has never stopped a. DMAA is not a.